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During a single radiograph, a small fraction of the x-rays pass right through the body. The remaining photons are absorbed by tissues in the body. The energy of the absorbed photons can break apart (ionize) compounds, and this may cause cell damage. Most cell damage is soon repaired. However, some is permanent.
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For the exposures encountered in conventional radiography, the risk of cancer or heritable defects (due to damaged ovarian cells or sperm cells) is very low. Most experts feel that this low risk is largely outweighed by the benefits of information gained from appropriate imaging. X-rays are monitored and regulated to provide the minimum amount of radiation exposure needed to produce the image.
Young children and a developing fetus carried by pregnant women are more sensitive to the risks of x-rays. Women should tell health care providers about suspected pregnancy.
For additional information regarding why the test is performed and normal and abnormal results, please see the specific x-ray topics:
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