Periodontal Disease - Risk Factors

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The risk of periodontal disease increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Smoking cigars and pipes carries the same risks as smoking cigarettes. Exposure to secondhand smoke is also associated with a 50 - 60% increased risk for developing periodontal disease, according to a 2001 study. Fortunately, when smokers quit, their periodontal health gradually recovers to a state comparable to that of nonsmokers.

Diseases Associated with Periodontal Disease

Diabetes. Much evidence exists on the link between type 1 and 2 diabetes and periodontal disease. Diabetes causes abnormalities in blood vessels, and high levels of specific inflammatory chemicals such as interleukins, that significantly increase the chances of periodontal disease. High levels of triglycerides (which are common in type 2 diabetes) also appear to impair periodontal health. A high blood sugar level, which is the hallmark of diabetes, has even been associated with severe periodontal disease in people without diabetes, according to a 2000 study. Obesity, which is common in type 2 diabetes, may also predispose a person to gum disease. Controlling both type 1 and 2 diabetes may help reduce periodontal problems. For children with diabetes, good oral hygiene should begin at a young age. A 2006 study suggested that gum problems can start as early as 6 years of age in children with diabetes.

Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone density) has been associated with periodontal disease in postmenopausal women. There have also been a few reports of osteonecrosis (bone decay) of the jaw in patients who take oral bisphosphonate drugs such as alendronate (Fosamax). Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare, but serious, condition. As a precaution, the American Dental Association (ADA) recommends that patients who are prescribed bisphosphonate drugs get a thorough dental exam before beginning drug therapy, or as soon as possible after beginning therapy. The ADA also recommends that patients who take oral bisphosphonate drugs should discuss with their dentists any potential risks from dental procedures (such as extractions and implants) that involve the jawbone. In any case, be sure to inform your dentist if you are taking a bisphosphonate drug.

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