Periodontal Disease - Complications

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Experts are still not sure if treating gum disease can reduce the risks of heart disease. Studies have been mixed.

Effect on Diabetes

Diabetes is not only a risk factor for periodontal disease -- periodontal disease itself can worsen diabetes. Some evidence suggests that the bacteria that causes periodontal disease may enter the bloodstream and activate cytokines, (damaging immune system factors), which then destroy cells in the pancreas where insulin is produced. Some studies indicate that treating periodontal disease can reduce the need for insulin and improve blood sugar control in some people with diabetes.

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Effect on Respiratory Disease

Bacteria that reproduce in the mouth can also be carried into the airways in the throat and lungs, increasing the risks for respiratory diseases and worsening chronic lung conditions such as emphysema.

Click the icon to see an image of emphysema.

Effect on Pregnancy

Many studies strongly indicate that bacterial infections that cause moderate-to-severe periodontal disease in pregnant women increase the risk of premature delivery and low birth weight infants. The more severe the infection, the greater the risk to the baby. Research indicates that the bacteria from gum disease, and from tooth decay, may trigger the same factors in the immune system as genital and urinary tract infections. These biologic substances, called prostaglandins and tumor necrosis factor, produce inflammation in the cervix and uterus that can cause premature dilation and contractions. Research also suggests that periodontal disease increases the risk for preeclampsia, a life-threatening disorder that occurs in mid- to late pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure.

Experts recommend that women have a periodontal examination before becoming pregnant or as soon as possible thereafter. Because women with diabetes are at higher risk for periodontal disease, it is especially important that they see a dentist early in pregnancy. Experts are still not sure if treating periodontal disease can improve birth outcomes. A 2006 study in the New England Journal of Medicine indicated that the treatment does not affect pre-term birth or birth weight. However, the researchers reported that periodontal treatment is definitely safe for pregnant women.

Review Date: 11/10/2006
Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital

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