Medical Health Encyclopedia

Ultrasound

Ultrasound employs high-frequency sound waves directed toward the inflamed area. The sound waves are converted into heat in the deep tissues of the hand, which opens the blood vessels and allows oxygen to be delivered to the injured tissue. A major analysis suggested this approach may be effective when used for seven weeks or more.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil) are the most common pain relievers used for CTS. They block prostaglandins, the substances that dilate blood vessels and cause inflammation and pain. Unfortunately, as with most other medications used for carpal tunnel syndrome, there are few well-conducted studies to determine their role in CTS. To date, there is no evidence that they offer any significant relief and regular use can have serious side effects.

NSAIDs Used. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are commonly used to relieve joint pain and inflammation. There are dozens of NSAIDs. The most common are the following:

• Over-the-counter NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin IB, Rufen), naproxen (Aleve), and ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis KT).
• Prescription NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn, Anaprox), flurbiprofen (Ansaid), diclofenac (Voltaren), tolmetin (Tolectin), ketoprofen (Orudis, Oruvail), dexibuprofen (Seractil), and indomethacin (Indocin).

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Regular use of even over-the-counter NSAIDs may be hazardous for anyone. Long-term use can cause stomach problems such as ulcers and bleeding and possible heart problems. In April 2005, the FDA asked drug manufacturers of NSAIDs to include a warning label on their product that alerts users of an increased risk for cardiovascular events and gastrointestinal bleeding. NSAIDS have been associated with the following side effects:

• Ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. This is the major danger with long-term use of NSAIDs.
• Increased blood pressure. Most NSAIDs appear to pose this risk, with higher risks observed with piroxicam (Feldene), naproxen (Aleve), and indomethacin (Indocin). (Sulindac has the smallest effect and aspirin has no risk.) People with hypertension, severe vascular disease, kidney, or liver problems and those taking diuretics must be closely monitored if they need to take NSAIDs.
• Delay in emptying of the stomach. This could interfere with the actions of other drugs. The elderly are at special risk.
• Dizziness.
• Tinnitus (ringing in the ear).
• Headache.
• Skin rash.
• Depression has also been noted.
• Confusion or bizarre sensation (in some higher-potency NSAIDs, notably indomethacin).
• Possible higher risk for miscarriage (particularly if the NSAID is taken for more than a week or around the time of conception).
• Kidney abnormalities. These have been reported in people taking NSAIDs, which resolve when the drugs are withdrawn. Any sudden weight gain or swelling should be reported to a doctor. Anyone with kidney disease should avoid these drugs.
• There is a slight risk for liver abnormalities.