Medical Health Encyclopedia

Genetics

In one analysis, between 15% and 20% of women with cervical cancer had at least one close relative with the disease. Two studies have also reported that in families with cervical cancer there have also been higher rates of other HPV-related and smoking-associated cancers. Inherited factors in such cases most likely cause changes in the immune system that make such people more susceptible to HPV or other viruses.

Use of Oral Contraceptives

A number of studies, including a major analysis, have reported a strong association between cervical cancer and long-term use of oral contraception (OC). Women who have taken OCs for more than ten years have a much higher risk of HPV infection (up to four times higher) than those who do not use OCs. (Women taking OCs for less than five years have no significantly higher risk.) The reasons for this risk from OC use are not entirely clear. Women who use OCs are less likely to use a diaphragm, condoms, or other methods that offer some protection against sexual transmitted diseases, including HPV. Some experts also suggested that the hormones in OCs might facilitate entry of the HPV virus in the genetic material of cervical cells.

Having Many Children

Studies indicate that having many children increases the risk for developing cervical cancer, particularly in women with HPV.

Smoking

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Several studies have associated smoking with a higher risk for precancerous changes (dysplasia) in the cervix and for progression to invasive cervical cancer. Secondhand smoke is also linked to increased risk for cervical cancer tumors. It is not clear if this association is due to cigarette smoke’s direct cancer-causing effects or general damage to the immune system. Cigarette smokers are also deficient in folate, a B vitamin. Folate deficiency may play a role in the development of dysplasia.