Medical Health Encyclopedia

Organosulfurs are important food chemicals that are part of the allium family and there have been studies reporting health benefits from foods containing them. These compounds are found in garlic, leeks, onions, chives, scallions, and shallots. A review of 300 studies concluded that people who eat raw or cooked garlic regularly experience about two-thirds the risk of colorectal cancer as people who eat little or none. Another analysis, however, found the available evidence about garlic to be inconclusive. Garlic supplements, in any case, do not appear to be protective.

Fiber. Studies have been mixed on whether fiber (found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) protects the colon from cancer. For example, three major studies in 2002 and 2003 reported no difference in the development of colorectal polyps or cancer recurrence with high intake of fiber. On the other hand, other studies have been positive. In fact, 2003 results of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)--the largest study ever conducted on the role of diet in the development of cancer--suggested that fiber is protective regardless of its source. However, in the study, the greatest benefits were observed for the left side of the colon and the least for the rectum. In any case, fiber, which is only found in plant products, may be beneficial for the heart and have other health advantages.

Fats and Oils

The role of fats in inflammatory bowel disease is complex and not fully known. Any benefits or risks appear to depend on the type of compounds that make up fats (the fatty acids) or other nutrients or substances with fatty acids.

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Saturated Fats and Trans-fatty Oils. Some studies had found an association between colon cancer and consumption of saturated fats (found primarily in animal fats). The association is not altogether clear, however, and more recent evidence has not supported a strong link. Some experts suggest that the real hazard is iron from red meat, which is often high in saturated fats and may have confused study results.