Complications

Most cases of anemia are mild, including those that occur as a result of chronic disease. Nevertheless, even mild anemia can reduce oxygen transport in the blood, causing fatigue and a diminished physical capacity. Moderate to severe iron-deficiency anemia is known to reduce endurance. Some studies indicate that even iron deficiency without anemia can produce a subtle but still lower capacity for exercise.

Complications of Severe or Prolonged Anemia

Because a reduction in red blood cells decreases the ability to absorb oxygen from the lungs, serious problems can occur in prolonged and severe anemia that is not treated. Anemia can lead to secondary organ dysfunction or damage, including heart arrhythmia and heart failure.

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Certain inherited forms of anemia, including thalassemia major, pernicious anemia, and sickle-cell anemia can be life threatening. Thalassemia major and sickle-cell anemia affect children and are particularly devastating.

Effects of Anemia in Pregnant Women

Pregnant women who are anemic have an increased risk for poor pregnancy outcomes, particularly if they are anemic in the first trimester.

Complications from Anemia in Children and Adolescents

One study reported a higher incidence of ear infections in infants with iron deficiency anemia. Some experts have also identified an anemia in children that may be caused by inflammation from ear, urinary tract, and other infections.

In children, severe anemia can impair growth and motor and mental development. One small, well-conducted trial suggested that iron therapy in anemic children younger than 2 years may help reverse some of these problems. Iron deficiency in vegetarian children without anemia may cause mental impairment, but it appears to be temporary.

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