Introduction

Cirrhosis is an irreversible result of various disorders that damage liver cells over time. Eventually, damage becomes so extensive that the normal structure of the liver is distorted and its function is impaired.

A chronic liver disease which causes damage to liver tissue, scarring of the liver (fibrosis; nodular regeneration), progressive decrease in liver function, excessive fluid in the abdomen (ascites), bleeding disorders (coagulopathy), increased pressure in the blood vessels (portal hypertension), and brain function disorders (hepatic encephalopathy). Excessive alcohol use is the leading cause of cirrhosis.

The disease process often takes the following path:

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Scarring. The main damage in cirrhosis is triggered by scarring (fibrosis) that occurs from injuries due to alcohol, viruses, or other assaults. Normal clumps and form nodules around the scarred areas. The scar tissue and regenerated nodules act like small dams and alter the flow of blood and bile in and out of the liver.

Altered Blood and Bile Flow. The changes in blood and bile flow have significant consequences, with both the liver and other organs responding to the altered flow:

• The spleen overproduces nitric oxide, a gas that causes blood vessels in the spleen to relax and open.
• The small blood vessels and bile ducts in the liver itself, however, narrow (constrict). (Blood vessels in other organs, including the kidney, also narrow.)
• Blood flow coming from the intestine into the liver is slowed by the narrow blood vessels. It backs up through the portal vein and seeks other routes.
• New, abnormally twisted and swollen veins called varices form in the stomach and lower part of the esophagus in order to compensate for the backup blood.
• Bile also builds up in the bloodstream, resulting in high levels of bilirubin, which causes a yellowish cast in the skin called jaundice.
• Fluid buildup also occurs in the abdomen (called ascites) and swelling in the arms and legs is common.