Medical Health Encyclopedia

Peptides. Some researchers are studying certain peptides that vary during the menstrual cycle among women with and without PMS. These substances include arginine vasopressin (AVP), which affects water retention, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which increases sodium elimination.

Thyroid Hormone. A few studies report that some women with PMS may be more sensitive than others to variations in thyroid hormone, which can impact both physical and emotional well-being.

Prolactin. Some PMS symptoms, particularly breast pain, may be caused by excess levels of prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the glands in the breasts.

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Endometrial Abnormalities. Results of a study of women who had both PMS and heavy bleeding (menorrhagia) suggested that substances in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) might cause PMS symptoms.