Medical Health Encyclopedia

Studies have specifically found a high prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women who also suffer from seasonal affective disorder (SAD). This is a form of depression characterized by annual episodes of depression during fall or winter that remit in the spring or summer when daylight hours increase. In fact, some studies suggest that women with both may share genetic factors that make them vulnerable to these forms of depression.

Personality Factors Some people cite studies showing an increased incidence of low self-esteem in women who report severe premenstrual symptoms. They argue that perhaps most cases can be remedied with self-reassessment therapies that build confidence. (It is, of course, also possible that regular, physical symptoms that impair normal activities can have a significant negative effect on confidence.)

Cultural Factors

Studies indicate that women in diverse cultures experience premenstrual events differently and may a play role in their severity. For example, a study of Chinese women in Hong Kong reported that pain was the most significant PMS symptom, while depression predominated in Western women. A 2002 study of an American HMOs reported that women of Asian descent reported fewer PMS symptoms than their Caucasian counterparts, while Hispanic-American women reported more severe symptoms. Other studies have reported little difference between American and Northern European experiences of premenstrual symptoms and impact on daily life.

Other Factors Associated with PMS

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Studies have found some factors associated with a higher risk for PMS, although there is no clear evidence that any of these are actual risk factors.

• In one study, women with more children were more likely to experience more severe symptoms than those with fewer children.
• Having a mother with PMS.
• Some studies have associated a high-sugar diet, consumption of large amounts of caffeine, and alcohol abuse with a high risk for PMS.
• Being sedentary.
• Stress may play a role in the severity of symptoms.
• A 2002 study reported that working outside the home was associated with a higher risk for premenstrual dysphoric disorder.