Complications
Premenstrual syndrome, particularly premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), can have an adverse effect on women's relationships with co-workers, partners, and children.
Risk for Suicide
As many as 10% of women who report PMS symptoms, particularly premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), have had suicidal thoughts. One study suggested that women who attempt suicide, in fact, are more likely to do so during the premenstrual phase or in the first week of the period.
Risk for Major Depression
Text Continues Below
Depression and PMS often coincide, and may, in some cases, be due to common factors. In fact, one study suggested that premenstrual dysphoric disorder may lead to or predict major depression in some women.
Substance Abuse and Eating Disorders
Women who are alcoholics or have close relatives who are alcoholics, have a much higher risk for drinking during the premenstrual period. Alcohol worsens PMS symptoms and may increase the risk for prolonged cramping (dysmenorrhea) in women who suffer from this menstrual symptom.
Studies also have found a higher incidence of smoking in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder than in women without PMDD.
One study showed a strong association between PMDD and eating disorders.
Magnification of Other Medical Conditions
A number of conditions worsen during the premenstrual or menstrual phase of the cycle, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as menstrual magnification.
Migraines. Although half of women with migraines report they are related to menstruation, experts believe that true menstrual migraines are less common than originally thought. Typical menstrual migraines are usually without auras and regularly occur during the first three days of menstruation, but not during ovulation or right before a period. Although researchers are not certain what causes menstrual migraines, some evidence suggests that progesterone may be protective. Menstrual migraines have also been associated with magnesium deficiencies. (Magnesium levels drop during the premenstrual period.)
.gif)
