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Calcium Oxalate
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Plenty of fluids. (Choose water, lemon juice. Avoid grapefruit, apple, and cranberry juice.)
Restrict protein and salt.
Increase fiber.
Restrict fats (particularly with short bowel syndrome).
Balance normal calcium intake with potassium- and phosphate-rich foods.
Restrict calcium only in people who have genetic abnormalities that cause high intestinal absorption of calcium.
Restrict foods high in oxalates only in patients with rare intestinal conditions that cause hyperoxaluria.
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Diuretics, Citrate salts, phosphates, cholestyramine.
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Lithotripsy, uteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, open surgery.
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Uric Acid
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Plenty of fluids (Choose water, blackcurrant juice. Avoid cranberry juice.).
Increase calcium intake (be sure well balanced with potassium and phosphates).
Reduce protein and other foods with high-purine content.
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Potassium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, allopurinol.
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Lithotripsy, uteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, open surgery.
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Struvite stones
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Plenty of fluids (water, cranberry juice).
Reduce proteins.
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Antibiotics to eliminate any infection. Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) may be helpful in combination with antibiotics. In some cases, organic acids given through urinary tract.
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May respond poorly to most lithotripsy procedures and require open surgery. Newer procedures may be helpful.
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Cystine stones
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Very high fluid intake (four quarts a day).
Restrict protein.
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Alkalizing agents (such as bicarbonate). Sometimes d-penicillamine, tiopronine, or captopril useful for lowering cystine levels.
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May respond poorly to most lithotripsy procedures and require open surgery. Newer procedures may be helpful.
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