Medical Health Encyclopedia

The doctor will examine not only the affected lymph nodes but also the surrounding tissues and other lymph node areas for signs of infection, skin injuries, or tumors. The consistency of the node is sometimes indicative of certain conditions. For example, a stony, hard node is often a sign of cancer, usually one that has metastasized (spread to another part of the body). A firm, rubbery node may indicate lymphoma. Soft nodes suggest infection or inflammatory conditions.

Blood Tests

Blood tests help rule out infection and other diseases. Such tests include those blood counts and blood chemistries for kidney and liver function, uric acid, calcium, and phosphate levels. In a patient already diagnosed with lymphoma, blood tests that measure the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase are important in determining the prognosis. High levels indicate bulkier tumors. The presence of anemia may indicate specific NHLs such as diffuse, small lymphocytic lymphoma.

Biopsy

A biopsy is the most important test for diagnosing lymphomas and can be used to tell the difference between non-Hodgkin's versus Hodgkin's disease. A biopsy has risks and should only be performed by a qualified and experienced doctor. Sometimes a doctor may choose to wait and observe the involved lymph nodes, which will usually go away on their own if a temporary infection is causing the swelling. (It should be noted, however, that some lymphomas may go away and appear to be benign, only to reappear at a later time.)

Text Continues Below

---

The Procedure. The doctor removes the node and checks the surrounding areas. The tissue in the node is then examined under a microscope for signs of infection and abnormalities indicating cancer or other conditions.

Results. Even if biopsies do not show any problems, disease may still be present in some cases. The doctor should continue to observe the patient until swelling or other signs of disease are gone. Biopsied tissue samples should be frozen in case special tests are later required. Such tests may include detection of particular antibodies, genetic and immune factors, and certain markers (substances that are indicative of disease) located on the surface of the cells. If lymphoma has been diagnosed, the tissue will be examined for its histology, the cellular structures that will determine the lymphoma type.

Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy