Medical Health Encyclopedia

Osteopontin. Scientists are also looking into the possibility that the protein osteopontin may be a biomarker for ovarian cancer. Studies have shown that osteopontin is overexpressed in tumors and serum of women with ovarian cancer. 

Other Biomarkers. Researchers have also had preliminary success with blood test that measures osteopontin along with three additional protein markers in blood: leptin, prolactin, and insulin-like growth factor-II. In early trials, prolactin and osteopontin levels were significantly elevated in women with early ovarian cancer; the other two proteins were greatly reduced. When measured collectively, the four proteins completely discrimated between healthy women and those with early ovarian cancer, according to the results published in the May 2005 journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Exploratory Surgery

An exploratory surgical procedure called laparotomy generally is required for the definitive diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Laparotomy involves the following steps:

• It requires general anesthesia and employs standard surgical techniques to make a vertical, midline incision from the pubic bone to the navel.
• Such an incision ensures careful evaluation of the entire abdominal area. After the incision is made, the surgeon assesses the fluid and cells in the abdominal cavity.
• During this procedure, cysts or other suspicious areas will be removed and biopsied (tested for cancer).
• If the lesion is cancerous, the surgeon continues with a process called surgical staging to ascertain how far the malignant tumor has spread and to remove the ovaries and any cancerous tissue.

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Investigators are also studying laparoscopy - instead of more invasive surgery - for initial surgical evaluation (staging).

Click the icon to see an image of pelvic laparoscopy.