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Hypotonia

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Hypotonia Central nervous system

Overview Treatment

Hypotonia

Definition:

Hypotonia involves decreased muscle tone. Infants with hypotonia seem floppy and feel like a "rag doll" does when held.

Alternative Names:
Floppy; Decreased muscle tone; Hypotonic infant

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Considerations:

Hypotonia is often a sign of a worrisome abnormality and may suggest the presence of central nervous system dysfunction, genetic disorders, or muscle disorders.

Hypotonic infants rest with their elbows and knees loosely extended, while infants with normal tone tend to have flexed elbows and knees. Head control may be poor or absent in the floppy infant with the head falling to the side, backward, or forward.

Infants with normal tone can be lifted with the parent's hands placed under the armpits, while hypotonic infants tend to slip between the hands as the infant's arms rise unresistingly upward.

Common Causes:

• Down syndrome
• Myasthenia gravis
• Prader-Willi syndrome
• Kernicterus
• Cerebellar ataxia, congenital
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Infant botulism
• Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome)
• Marfan's syndrome
• Muscular dystrophy
• Achondroplasia
• Trisomy 13
• Sepsis
• Aicardi syndrome
• Canavan disease
• Congenital hypothyroidism
• Hypervitaminosis D
• Krabbe disease
• Menkes syndrome
• Metachromatic leukodystrophy
• Methylmalonic acidemia
• Rickets
• Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (Werdnig- Hoffman)
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Vaccine reaction
• Klinefelter syndrome

References:

Chen H. Klinefelter Syndrome. eMedicine. 2004. Available online at http://www.emedicine.com/PED/topic1252.htm.

Yeh PC, Kipp MA. A case of Moebius syndrome in association with Klinefelter syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet. 2002 Sep;23(3):185-9.

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